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recent posts navigation"><div class="sidebarItemTitle_pO2u margin-bottom--md">Recent posts</div><div role="group"><h3 class="yearGroupHeading_rMGB">2025</h3><ul class="sidebarItemList_Yudw clean-list"><li class="sidebarItem__DBe"><a aria-current="page" class="sidebarItemLink_mo7H sidebarItemLinkActive_I1ZP" href="/blog/Web的历史1️⃣-HTTP">Web的历史1️⃣-HTTP</a></li><li class="sidebarItem__DBe"><a class="sidebarItemLink_mo7H" href="/blog/Web的历史2️⃣-动态网页">Web的历史2️⃣-动态网页</a></li><li class="sidebarItem__DBe"><a class="sidebarItemLink_mo7H" href="/blog/Web的历史3️⃣-Web应用">Web的历史3️⃣-Web应用</a></li><li class="sidebarItem__DBe"><a class="sidebarItemLink_mo7H" href="/blog/2025/5/9/女生宿舍的网络结构解释">女生宿舍的网络结构解释</a></li></ul></div><div role="group"><h3 class="yearGroupHeading_rMGB">2024</h3><ul class="sidebarItemList_Yudw clean-list"><li class="sidebarItem__DBe"><a class="sidebarItemLink_mo7H" href="/blog/2024/09/27/给纯新手的网维快速入门指南">给纯新手的网维快速入门指南</a></li></ul></div></nav></aside><main class="col col--7"><article><header><h1 class="title_f1Hy">Web的历史1️⃣-HTTP</h1><div class="container_mt6G margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2025-07-13T03:23:58.000Z">July 13, 2025</time> · <!-- -->16 min read</div></header><div id="__blog-post-container" class="markdown"><p><em>注：这些文章本来是打算作为开发组后端培训文本的开篇而写的，但是我发现文章的内容过于复杂且有点离题，所以稍微修改了一下单独作为3篇独立的文章发布。</em></p>
<p><em>本文章的许多图片都直接来自 <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">MDN</a>，在这里先感谢图片的创作者。</em></p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="网络的起源">网络的起源<a href="#网络的起源" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 网络的起源" title="Direct link to 网络的起源">​</a></h2>
<p>人们最初发明网络的目的很简单：在不同的电脑之间传输文件。那个时候没有U盘，也没有蓝牙，计算机领域的前辈们必须从头设计一个高效的传输文件的办法。</p>
<p>假如我们的电脑上有一个文件<code>example.docx</code>,放在我们电脑的文件夹<code>documents</code>里面，我们如何使用最原始的方法把它传递给另外一台电脑呢？</p>
<p>早期的程序员编写了一类叫做&quot;HTTP服务器&quot;的程序，程序的功能是选择电脑上的一个文件夹，将这个文件夹暴露在互联网上让所有人操作。这个文件夹叫做HTTP服务的“根目录”。</p>
<p>要使用这个程序，我们还要先给电脑分配一个IP地址，IP地址是一台电脑在互联网上的唯一标识，假如我们电脑的的IP地址是<code>123.45.67.89</code>。我们在这台电脑上启动一个HTTP服务程序。在程序的设置里指定根目录是我们存放文件的文件夹<code>documents</code>。</p>
<p>前面说过，这个HTTP服务程序的作用是把你电脑上一个指定的文件夹(我们称为“根目录”)暴露在互联网上，所有人都可以下载这个文件夹下的文件。于是这个时候，我们打开随便另一台电脑(前提是有网)，在浏览器地址栏中输入<code>http://123.45.67.89/example.docx</code>，这时候就会发生神奇的事情：浏览器会提示你下载<code>example.docx</code>,这样，文件就从一台电脑传输到了另一台电脑。</p>
<p>假如<code>documents</code>文件夹下面还有另外一个文件<code>hi.txt</code>，那么当你在浏览器地址栏中输入<code>http://123.45.67.89/hi.txt</code>时，你就会发现浏览器显示了<code>hi.txt</code>这份文件的内容，因为浏览器可以直接显示<code>txt</code>文件，而不能直接显示<code>docx</code>文件。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="IIS根目录" src="/assets/images/iis-changeroot-websoft9-72efa0f7652462650d11b04bba150819.png" width="960" height="400" class="img_ev3q"></p>
<blockquote>
<p><em>IIS是Windows官方的HTTP服务器，有着图形化的配置界面，其它大部分HTTP服务器都需要通过命令行和配置文件进行配置。</em></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="http协议">HTTP协议<a href="#http协议" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to HTTP协议" title="Direct link to HTTP协议">​</a></h2>
<p>等等，刚才所讲的操作为什么能发生呢？当我在浏览器中输入网址并按下回车键的时候，这一切的背后到底发生了什么？</p>
<p>我们之前提到了，要把电脑中的一个文件夹暴露在网络上供所有人访问，就需要启动一个&quot;HTTP服务程序&quot;，这个HTTP是什么呢？</p>
<p>HTTP协议，是<code>HyperText Transfer Protocol</code>的缩写，即&quot;超文本传输协议&quot;。是通过网络在电脑之间进行文件传输的默认协议。进行HTTP文件传输的双方，一个称之为”客户端“(Client),一个称之为&quot;服务端&quot;(Server)。</p>
<p>我们刚才就是在我们的电脑上部署了HTTP服务端，而浏览器就是我们通信中的客户端。浏览器首先对服务器发送信息(行话叫做&quot;请求&quot;)，要求获取某个文件；然后服务器返回这个文件(行话叫做“响应”)。</p>
<p>一次完整的HTTP通信总是由客户端请求(Request)和服务端响应(Response)组成。在HTTP协议中，总是由客户端先发起一次HTTP请求，然后由服务端返回这次请求的响应，这样才是一次完整的HTTP通信。</p>
<p>实际上，HTTP协议中的“客户端”不仅仅是指浏览器，但我们通常用的浏览器确实就是最常见的HTTP客户端。但其实像curl这样的命令行工具，或者手机APP，或者是浏览器里的JavaScript代码，当它们向服务器请求数据时，也可以被称作客户端。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="HTTP请求示意图" src="data:image/png;base64,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" width="960" height="267" class="img_ev3q"></p>
<p>实际上，HTTP协议不仅可以获取一个文件(就像我们所做的)，也可以向服务端上传一个文件，或是修改某个文件的内容...</p>
<p>一次HTTP通信要进行什么操作(获取or上传等)，由HTTP请求中的“方法”指定，方法是&quot;请求头&quot;的一部分。</p>
<p>&quot;请求头&quot;是什么？别着急，下面我们介绍HTTP协议的具体内容：</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="请求">请求<a href="#请求" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 请求" title="Direct link to 请求">​</a></h3>
<p>前面说了，HTTP通信总是以客户端发送请求开始，服务端是没法主动给客户端发信息的。</p>
<p>一个HTTP请求包含请求头(HTTP Request Header)和请求体(Request Body)，请求头主要包含了：</p>
<ul>
<li>协议版本:告诉服务器，这次交流，要使用哪个版本的HTTP协议</li>
<li>目标:要访问哪个电脑，例如刚才的<code>123.45.67.89</code></li>
<li>URI:要操作哪个文件，例如<code>example.docx</code>,IP地址或者网址后面的内容就是URI了</li>
<li>方法:要对这个文件做什么，比如获取这个文件的内容，还是在服务器上创建这个文件</li>
<li>自定义参数：除了上面的信息，客户端还可以发送一些额外的内容给服务端，这些内容总是以<code>Key=Value</code>的形式存在。在正常的URI后有一个<code>?</code>，表示参数的开始，<code>&amp;</code>表示不同参数之间的分隔。</li>
</ul>
<p>例如：<code>http://123.45.67.89/example.docx?compressed=true&amp;method=gzip</code></p>
<p>这就是让服务器压缩发来的文件，使用gzip压缩。</p>
<p>参数的内容不是HTTP标准，也就是服务端如何理解参数，完全靠程序员写的代码。如果程序员没有设置，那么参数就毫无用处。</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="http方法">HTTP方法<a href="#http方法" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to HTTP方法" title="Direct link to HTTP方法">​</a></h4>
<p>HTTP方法定义了这个请求具体要对指定的文件做什么，其中：</p>
<ul>
<li><code>GET</code>:获取指定文件的内容。</li>
<li><code>POST</code>:上传一个文件，内容放在请求体(下面会讲到)。</li>
<li><code>DELETE</code>:删除某个文件。</li>
</ul>
<p>其实这里还有一些方法的，我们以后讲。</p>
<p>我们日常使用浏览器，比如在地址栏中输入<code>baidu.com</code>,其实就是在对这个地址做GET请求，浏览器会把你的输入内容自动补全成 <code>GET http://www.baidu.com/</code> 这一HTTP请求</p>
<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-tip admonition_xJq3 alert alert--success"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>提示</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>打开浏览器的F12开发者菜单，选择&quot;Network&quot;，可以看到你在访问这个网站时与服务器所进行的所有HTTP请求</p></div></div>
<p>在浏览器地址栏里直接输入网址，默认就是发送GET请求。你可能会好奇，POST这些请求是怎么发出去的呢？这通常是由网页中的JavaScript代码在背后发送的。我们在之后的内容会讲到这一点。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="请求头" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="background-color:#fff" viewBox="-.5 -.5 310 191">
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<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="请求体">请求体<a href="#请求体" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 请求体" title="Direct link to 请求体">​</a></h4>
<p>对于某些方法，需要在请求时向服务器夹带一些东西(比如POST需要你带上新文件的内容)，请求体就是装载这些东西的.</p>
<p>像GET请求就没有请求体，因为GET请求不需要夹带信息.</p>
<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-tip admonition_xJq3 alert alert--success"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>提示</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>正常地使用浏览器，是没法做出GET外的请求的，但是浏览器在控制台里可以自定义请求，以<code>Firefox</code>为例，在F12的<code>Network</code>一栏中点<code>New Request</code>(有一个加号)就可以发送自定义请求。<code>curl</code>等HTTP命令行工具也可以发送请求.</p></div></div>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="响应">响应<a href="#响应" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 响应" title="Direct link to 响应">​</a></h3>
<p>回应也分为回应头和回应体，回应头主要包含：</p>
<ul>
<li>状态码：针对请求的回应有对应的状态，比如，如果GET请求没有问题，成功返回的话就返回<code>200 OK</code>状态码，如果找不到请求里对应的文件就会返回<code>404 Not Found</code></li>
<li>内容格式:向浏览器说明回应体（若有）是什么格式的,文本文件的编码设置等，比如html文件？图片？docx文档？有没有被压缩？如果有，压缩格式？这决定了浏览器如何对待这些文件</li>
<li>内容的大小：返回所请求资源的大小（若有）</li>
</ul>
<p>回应体就是包含了回应的主体内容了，如果是GET请求的话，那么就回应了所GET文件的内容，如果是其他请求的话，可能也会没有回应体，具体看使用的方法</p>
<p><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="回应体" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="background-color:#fff" viewBox="-0.5 -0.5 422 205">
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              <font color="#5d837e" style="font-size:16px">date</font>: Tue, 18 Jun 2024 10:03:55 GMT</div>
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<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="例子">例子<a href="#例子" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 例子" title="Direct link to 例子">​</a></h3>
<p><code>GET</code>方法从服务器获得一个资源，我们在浏览器的地址栏输入一个地址时，就是在对这个URI做<code>GET</code>请求，前面的例子也是通过<code>GET</code>方法来进行的。</p>
<p>比如，发送<code>GET http://developer.zsxyww.com/test/test.txt</code>,那么就会把我们服务器根目录上<code>test</code>文件夹里面的<code>test.txt</code>这个文件发过来</p>
<p><code>POST</code>方法向服务器上传一个资源，例如使用某个客户端发送<code>POST http://example.org/sheet.xlsx</code>，在request body里面带上你的这个文件，那么<code>example.org</code>网站的根目录下就会多出一个叫做<code>sheet.xlsx</code>的文件</p>
<p>除了上面介绍的这些方法，还有<code>DELETE</code>,<code>PATCH</code>等方法，分别对应了删除，修改一个资源，你可以在你的电脑上通过<code>curl</code>等程序，或者通过浏览器控制台来进行常规的<code>GET</code>之外的方法请求</p>
<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-tip admonition_xJq3 alert alert--success"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 12 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M6.5 0C3.48 0 1 2.19 1 5c0 .92.55 2.25 1 3 1.34 2.25 1.78 2.78 2 4v1h5v-1c.22-1.22.66-1.75 2-4 .45-.75 1-2.08 1-3 0-2.81-2.48-5-5.5-5zm3.64 7.48c-.25.44-.47.8-.67 1.11-.86 1.41-1.25 2.06-1.45 3.23-.02.05-.02.11-.02.17H5c0-.06 0-.13-.02-.17-.2-1.17-.59-1.83-1.45-3.23-.2-.31-.42-.67-.67-1.11C2.44 6.78 2 5.65 2 5c0-2.2 2.02-4 4.5-4 1.22 0 2.36.42 3.22 1.19C10.55 2.94 11 3.94 11 5c0 .66-.44 1.78-.86 2.48zM4 14h5c-.23 1.14-1.3 2-2.5 2s-2.27-.86-2.5-2z"></path></svg></span>提示</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>httpbin.org 这个网站可以让你试验HTTP协议的方法</p></div></div>
<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-info admonition_xJq3 alert alert--info"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>HTTPS</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>HTTP在网络上是明文传输的，也就是说客户端和服务器之间的每个网络节点，每个人都可以看到。这显然不方便隐私，所以人们发明了HTTPS，也就是把HTTP的正文加密了，HTTPS可以说是当今互联网的基石，有了HTTPS，我们才能放心地在网上输入密码，用银行卡付款等。</p></div></div>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="网页与html">网页与HTML<a href="#网页与html" class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 网页与HTML" title="Direct link to 网页与HTML">​</a></h2>
<p>随着网络的发展，人们发现互联网的潜力远不止于传输文件。特别是浏览器的普及，人们希望能直接在网页上展示丰富的信息，而不只是把浏览器当作下载工具。前面我们说过了，浏览器可以直接展示txt文件，但是最大的问题是，txt文件是没有样式的。</p>
<p>比如：txt无法设置字体大小和颜色,无法加粗、倾斜文字,无法创建表格和列表,无法插入图片和链接。这些都是txt的局限。</p>
<p>为了解决这个问题，人们发明了HTML(HyperText Markup Language),就是“超文本标记语言”，HTML的核心思想是：在普通文本中加入特殊的标记，告诉浏览器如何显示内容。</p>
<p>比如<code>&lt;i&gt;你好～&lt;/i&gt;</code>就是指示浏览器以斜体的方式显示<code>你好～</code>这段文字。你可以用系统自带的笔记本像打开txt文件一样打开HTML文件，只不过浏览器默认是加载渲染之后的界面而不是原始的HTML。</p>
<p>除HTML之外，人们还发明了CSS与HTML搭配使用，CSS可以对样式做更复杂高级精细的控制，这里就不细说了</p>
<p>回到我们的主题，不管使用的是什么方法，操作的是什么文件，HTTP协议传输的对象都是一些固定静态的文件，其内容在服务器上是固定不变的（除非手动修改），这样的网页称为静态网页。</p>
<p>静态网页中，所有用户看到的内容都相同，内容不会根据用户行为动态变化，服务器只负责传输文件，不进行复杂计算。</p>
<p>我们的wiki就是静态网页，在服务端上都对应着HTML页面，只不过加了非常多的样式显得很高级。</p>
<p>很多常见的网站（如企业官网、技术文档、个人博客等）都是静态网页，虽然看起来很精美，但本质上就是经过精心设计的HTML和CSS文件。</p>
<p><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" alt="网页的构成" src="/assets/images/fetching-a-page-d2a81d3ec067e988c412d33b300cf47d.svg" width="710" height="470" class="img_ev3q"></p>
<div class="theme-admonition theme-admonition-info admonition_xJq3 alert alert--info"><div class="admonitionHeading_Gvgb"><span class="admonitionIcon_Rf37"><svg viewBox="0 0 14 16"><path fill-rule="evenodd" d="M7 2.3c3.14 0 5.7 2.56 5.7 5.7s-2.56 5.7-5.7 5.7A5.71 5.71 0 0 1 1.3 8c0-3.14 2.56-5.7 5.7-5.7zM7 1C3.14 1 0 4.14 0 8s3.14 7 7 7 7-3.14 7-7-3.14-7-7-7zm1 3H6v5h2V4zm0 6H6v2h2v-2z"></path></svg></span>info</div><div class="admonitionContent_BuS1"><p>这是三篇系列文章中的第<strong>1</strong>篇</p><p>点击以跳转：</p><p><strong>HTTP</strong>(你在看的文章)</p><p><a href="/blog/Web的历史2️⃣-动态网页">动态网页</a></p><p><a href="/blog/Web的历史3️⃣-Web应用">Web应用</a></p></div></div></div><footer class="docusaurus-mt-lg"><div class="row margin-top--sm theme-blog-footer-edit-meta-row"><div class="col"><a href="https://github.com/ZSCNetSupportDept/website/tree/master/blog/Web的历史1️⃣-HTTP.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_Z9Sw" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div><div class="col lastUpdated_JAkA"></div></div></footer></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Blog post page navigation"><a class="pagination-nav__link pagination-nav__link--next" href="/blog/Web的历史2️⃣-动态网页"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Older post</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">Web的历史2️⃣-动态网页</div></a></nav></main><div class="col col--2"><div class="tableOfContents_bqdL thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#网络的起源" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">网络的起源</a></li><li><a href="#http协议" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">HTTP协议</a><ul><li><a href="#请求" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">请求</a></li><li><a href="#响应" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">响应</a></li><li><a href="#例子" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">例子</a></li></ul></li><li><a href="#网页与html" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">网页与HTML</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><footer class="footer footer--dark"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">Copyright © 2025 ZSCNetworkSupport,Built with Docusaurus.</div></div></div></footer></div>
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