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tocMobile_ITEo"><button type="button" class="clean-btn tocCollapsibleButton_TO0P">On this page</button></div><div class="theme-doc-markdown markdown"><h1>基于HTTP的Web后端的组成</h1>
<p>一个基于HTTP的Web后端通常有以下部分组成:</p>
<h5 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="路由系统router">路由系统(router)<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 路由系统(router)" title="Direct link to 路由系统(router)" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#路由系统router">​</a></h5>
<p>路由系统负责处理用户访问网页时的请求路径/方法，并转交给对应的处理者</p>
<h5 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="处理者handler">处理者(handler)<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 处理者(handler)" title="Direct link to 处理者(handler)" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#处理者handler">​</a></h5>
<p>处理者负责处理用户的请求，读取用户在URI中的参数，和请求体中的内容（如果有）等，统称为上下文(Context),负责返回请求所对应的回应</p>
<p>有的系统还会继续细分，将业务层和接口层分开(这种情况下通常接口层是和路由功能合并的)</p>
<p><em>最低要求是这个，另外，通常一个后端系统还需要连接一个数据库:</em></p>
<h5 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="数据库">数据库<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 数据库" title="Direct link to 数据库" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#数据库">​</a></h5>
<p>通常是兼容SQL协议的关系型数据库，负责存储后端所需要用到和产生的信息</p>
<p><em>其实很多后端系统无非就是对数据库的增删改查(所谓的CRUD),可以说这些系统就是数据库的一层方便wrapper</em></p>
<h5 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="鉴权系统">鉴权系统<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 鉴权系统" title="Direct link to 鉴权系统" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#鉴权系统">​</a></h5>
<p>通常，我们系统的内容不打算对互联网上的任何一个人开放，所以我们需要一些方法来验证访问者的身份</p>
<h5 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="模板系统optional">模板系统（optional）<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 模板系统（optional）" title="Direct link to 模板系统（optional）" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#模板系统optional">​</a></h5>
<p>如果你打算通过后端渲染HTML返回到用户浏览器，那你需要一套模板来方便地将动态内容插入到模板里面返回给用户，如果是一个纯粹API的站点，还是想直接把工作甩给前端，你就可以不用配置模板</p>
<p>此外，还有一些外围的工作：</p>
<h5 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="反向代理">反向代理<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 反向代理" title="Direct link to 反向代理" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#反向代理">​</a></h5>
<p>通常我们的Web后端服务不是直接暴露对外访问的，而是经过一层代理的转发，这样更加的安全，配置也更加简单，服务只需要监听本地端口</p>
<h5 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="配置系统">配置系统<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 配置系统" title="Direct link to 配置系统" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#配置系统">​</a></h5>
<p>你的系统需要读取配置，比如监听端口，数据库连接，还有其他服务的密钥等</p>
<h5 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="cicd">CI/CD<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to CI/CD" title="Direct link to CI/CD" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#cicd">​</a></h5>
<p>自动化配置构建，部署，测试等工作，让你专注代码工作，而不用把心思过多地放在部署构建这些工作上面</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="路由">路由<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 路由" title="Direct link to 路由" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#路由">​</a></h2>
<p>假设你的一个报名服务架设在<code>service.io</code>上：</p>
<p>首先，用户访问这个网址时需要显示一段欢迎文字，然后将他们引导到报名的页面</p>
<p>那么，你应该在用户访问<code>/</code>时返回一个html文件，里面含有导向<code>/volunteer.html</code>的超链接</p>
<p><code>/volunteer.html</code>里面的前端代码需要以AJAX的形式与后端API交互，比如：</p>
<p><code>service.io/api/register</code>接受POST请求，前端上传报名人的信息，后端录入数据库,并返回录入的信息，全部以JSON序列化</p>
<p><code>service.io/api/view</code>接受GET请求，让这个报名人查看自己的报名信息，返回JSON格式</p>
<p><code>service.io/api/cancel</code>接受POST请求，取消某个报名人的信息，成功则返回相应状态码</p>
<p><code>service.io/admin/viewAll</code>让管理员查看当前的所有报名，接受GET请求</p>
<p><code>service.io/admin/cancel</code>让管理员取消任意的报名,接受的POST</p>
<p>在现代网站设计中，我们不是在根目录下面创建对应的文件（实际上，连根目录都不需要了），我们使用一些叫做“路由器(router)”的模块,当用户通过一定的方法请求一定的路径时，就把这些请求转交到相应的handler</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="uri参数">URI参数<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to URI参数" title="Direct link to URI参数" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#uri参数">​</a></h3>
<p>参数在正常路径后面，以?开始，以&amp;分割，以键值对的形式存在</p>
<p>例如：<code>service.io/api/register?name=小明&amp;phone=10000000000&amp;freeday=2024-9-25</code></p>
<p>这样的参数可以被许多后端框架使用内置的解析器解析</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="参数化路径">参数化路径<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 参数化路径" title="Direct link to 参数化路径" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#参数化路径">​</a></h3>
<p>这种路径通常是配合REST风格的接口来设计的，比如：</p>
<p><code>service.io/api/users/小明</code></p>
<p>类似于这样的路径，许多后端框架可以使用<code>service.io/api/users/:user</code>这样的形式来匹配，在转交给的handler中可以读取<code>:user</code>参数，从而返回参数所指定的资源</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="api设计">API设计<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to API设计" title="Direct link to API设计" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#api设计">​</a></h3>
<p>API的设计包括了路径的设计和接口格式的设计，一般小项目可以相对地随便一点，但是大项目还是需要认真一点的</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="传统">传统<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 传统" title="Direct link to 传统" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#传统">​</a></h4>
<p>我们刚才所举的例子就是一个传统的API设计，一个路径就对应了一个业务点，一般只会使用<code>GET</code>和<code>POST</code>来对应获取和上传，前后端的交互一般在文档里自行约定，或者采用内置的表单(如果数据比较简单的话)</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="rest">REST<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to REST" title="Direct link to REST" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#rest">​</a></h4>
<p>REST的意思是“表现层状态转换”（英语：Representational State Transfer，缩写：REST），这种风格的要点是一个URI表示一个资源，而不是一个业务，同时充分地利用HTTP方法</p>
<p>例如，我们在前面定义了<code>Register</code>,<code>View</code>和<code>Cancel</code>三个API,如果是要上传什么就用<code>POST</code>，获取<code>GET</code>,一个路径表示的是一个业务，而不是系统的某个资源，下面来看看REST怎么写：</p>
<p><code>POST service.io/api/users/小明</code> 用户小明提交一个报名，具体的报名信息在请求体里，这将在数据库里面创建一个小明的报名记录</p>
<p><code>GET service.io/api/users/小明</code> 用户小明查看自己的报名信息</p>
<p><code>DELETE service.io/api/users/小明</code> 取消小明的报名</p>
<p><code>PUT service.io/api/users/小明</code> 修改小明的报名信息，新信息放在请求体里面了</p>
<p>可以发现，REST风格的API可以看作是对传统静态网页互联网的回归，这种风格直观简洁，兼容性更好，更加利于缓存等</p>
<h4 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="graphql">GraphQL<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to GraphQL" title="Direct link to GraphQL" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#graphql">​</a></h4>
<p>GraphQL是一种用于API交互的查询语言，他意图解决接口格式定义和多次查询带来的复杂问题</p>
<p>首先，后端需要支持GraphQL,然后，前端需要在API请求中注明自己想后端用什么格式呈现什么想要的信息，这样就不需要前端多次请求不同的业务了</p>
<p>这对大型系统或许比较友好，但是如果只是一些小项目的话，这可能有些复杂，具体可以自己去了解</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="handler">handler<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to handler" title="Direct link to handler" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#handler">​</a></h2>
<p>handler可以说是一个后端系统的核心了，因为他们是实际处理业务的地方</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="面向对象与模型">面向对象与模型<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 面向对象与模型" title="Direct link to 面向对象与模型" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#面向对象与模型">​</a></h3>
<p>虽然可以使用其他的范式，但是最推荐的是依据OOP的原则，将需要处理的模型写成对象，将一系列操作写成对象的方法
例如，报名系统本质上就是处理“报名人”这个对象的各种操作，我们可以定义：</p>
<div class="language-Go language-go codeBlockContainer_Ckt0 theme-code-block" style="--prism-color:#393A34;--prism-background-color:#f6f8fa"><div class="codeBlockContent_biex"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-go codeBlock_bY9V thin-scrollbar" style="color:#393A34;background-color:#f6f8fa"><code class="codeBlockLines_e6Vv"><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">type</span><span class="token plain"> Volunteer </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">struct</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> config</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token plain">DB</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> id </span><span class="token builtin">int</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> Name </span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> Phone </span><span class="token builtin">int</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> FreeDay time</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token plain">Time</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> Note </span><span class="token builtin">string</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">func</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token plain">v </span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">*</span><span class="token plain">volunteer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">Add</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token builtin">error</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">if</span><span class="token plain"> err</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">:=</span><span class="token plain">db</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token function" style="color:#d73a49">addVolunteer</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">(</span><span class="token plain">v</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">.</span><span class="token plain">MainConnection</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">)</span><span class="token plain"> err</span><span class="token operator" style="color:#393A34">!=</span><span class="token boolean" style="color:#36acaa">nil</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">{</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">return</span><span class="token plain"> err</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token keyword" style="color:#00009f">return</span><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token boolean" style="color:#36acaa">nil</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain"></span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:#393A34">}</span><span class="token plain"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#393A34"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span></code></pre><div class="buttonGroup__atx"><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" title="Copy" class="clean-btn"><span class="copyButtonIcons_eSgA" aria-hidden="true"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonIcon_y97N"><path fill="currentColor" d="M19,21H8V7H19M19,5H8A2,2 0 0,0 6,7V21A2,2 0 0,0 8,23H19A2,2 0 0,0 21,21V7A2,2 0 0,0 19,5M16,1H4A2,2 0 0,0 2,3V17H4V3H16V1Z"></path></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="copyButtonSuccessIcon_LjdS"><path fill="currentColor" d="M21,7L9,19L3.5,13.5L4.91,12.09L9,16.17L19.59,5.59L21,7Z"></path></svg></span></button></div></div></div>
<p>要设计一个登记报名的handler,就只需要将前端发过来的信息反序列化到Volunteer对象里，然后调用Add方法即可，这种思路就叫做面向对象</p>
<p>所设计的Volunteer和他的一系列方法就叫做“模型”</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="数据库-1">数据库<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 数据库" title="Direct link to 数据库" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#数据库-1">​</a></h2>
<p>数据库为后端的业务数据提供了方便的存储和查询服务，这里指的是结构化数据，其他需求可以去看高级教程</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="sqlite">SQLite<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to SQLite" title="Direct link to SQLite" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#sqlite">​</a></h3>
<p>这是个轻量级的数据库，一个数据库就是一个文件，通常用于业务量比较小的场景或者是本地开发的场景</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="postgresql">PostgreSQL<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to PostgreSQL" title="Direct link to PostgreSQL" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#postgresql">​</a></h3>
<p>这个可以说是目前最厉害的开源数据库了，不仅提供了常规的结构化功能，而且对于一些简单的非结构化存储需求也可以胜任，但是本身的资源消耗是有点高的</p>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="选择数据库的各种考量">选择数据库的各种考量<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 选择数据库的各种考量" title="Direct link to 选择数据库的各种考量" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#选择数据库的各种考量">​</a></h3>
<ul>
<li>业务量：如果业务量比较小的话，就使用SQLite吧</li>
<li>兼容性：如果现有的环境和业务依赖于某个数据库，那么就继续用吧</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="orm">ORM<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to ORM" title="Direct link to ORM" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#orm">​</a></h3>
<p>ORM是对数据库的一层抽象，让你专注于业务逻辑的开发，而不用担心具体的数据库问题，如果对于性能或者其他的方面没有很大的需求的话，建议在你的项目里使用ORM</p>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="鉴权">鉴权<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 鉴权" title="Direct link to 鉴权" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#鉴权">​</a></h2>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="session">Session<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to Session" title="Direct link to Session" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#session">​</a></h3>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="jwt">JWT<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to JWT" title="Direct link to JWT" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#jwt">​</a></h3>
<h3 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="oauth20">OAuth2.0<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to OAuth2.0" title="Direct link to OAuth2.0" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#oauth20">​</a></h3>
<h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_LWe7" id="模板">模板<a class="hash-link" aria-label="Direct link to 模板" title="Direct link to 模板" href="/docs/devdocs/培训/Web后端/基于HTTP的Web后端的组成#模板">​</a></h2>
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